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Programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) and Programmed Death Ligand 1(PD-L1) are important immune checkpoint molecules and play a key role in immune regulation. As a member of the CD28 family, PD-1 (CD279) belongs to type I transmembrane proteins, and its structure is composed of 288 amino acids. Its lig

  Guidelines for blood collection in mice and rat   Blood Collection: Another Essential Skill Beyond Drug Administration. Before performing blood collection, what key points must you know? The circulating blood volume of mice is approximately 72 ml/kg. Take an adult mouse of 25 g as a

  How to Identify Abnormal Standard Curves in ELISA and How to Respond?   During the color development phase, the first four wells of the standard should show a clear blue gradient, and the maximum OD value of the standard should be ≥1.2. Additionally, the linear regression correlation coef

Unraveling Insulin Resistance(IR): Mechanism Exploration and Implications 1. Introduction to Insulin Insulin is an amino acid polypeptide synthesized by pancreatic β-cells, with a molecular weight of 5802 Da, consisting of an α-chain (21 amino acids) and a β-chain (30 amino acids) connected by

Bone Metabolism Related Indexes Bones are the supporting structures of the human body, which is characterized by hardness and the ability to regenerate and repair. It plays an important role in protecting vital organs and providing the necessary environment for the bone marrow

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A technology in which a known antigen or antibody is coated on the surface of a solid phase carrier, so that enzyme-labeled(mainly HRP) antigen and antibody reactions are carried out on the solid phase surface. This technology can be used to detect macromol